The monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) is a tropical species that has expanded its range into temperate regions following milkweed's distribution. To escape harsh winter conditions, North American monarchs make a long-distance two-way migration, flying south each Fall and then north again each Spring. This spectacular multi-generation migration is key to the success of the monarchs’ annual life cycle.

Multiple Generations

The fall migrating/overwintering generation, followed by a spring generation and three or four summer generations together comprise the monarch's annual cycle. Although one generation makes the long journey south to overwintering sites, it takes multiple generations of monarchs to repopulate habitat across North America. Nectar plants, milkweed, water, and the protective forests in winter are all crucial to continue the monarch’s annual cycle.

Monarchs on sunflowers
Monarchs on sunflowers

Learn more about the monarch in each season below.